Hyperspectral remote sensing of evaporate minerals and associated sediments in Lake Magadi area, Kenya     

Gayantha R.L. Kodikara  Tsehaie WoldaiFrank J.A. van Ruitenbeek  Zack KuriaFreek van der Meer  Keith D. ShepherdG.J. van Hummel 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2012,14(1):22-32

Pleistocene to present evaporitic lacustrine sediments in Lake Magadi, East African Rift Valley, Kenya were studied and mapped using spectral remote sensing methods. This approach incorporated surface mineral mapping using space-borne hyperspectral Hyperion imagery together with laboratory analysis, including visible, near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VNIR) measurements and X-ray diffraction for selected rock and soil samples of the study area. The spectral signatures of Magadiite and Kenyaite, which have not been previously reported, were established and the spectral signatures of trona, chert series, volcanic tuff and the High Magadi bed were also analyzed.Image processing techniques, MNF (Minimum Noise Fraction) and MTMF (Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering) using a stratified approach (image analysis with and without the lake area), were used to enhance the mapping of evaporates. High Magadi beds, chert series and volcanic tuff were identified from the Hyperion image with an overall mapping accuracy of 84.3%. Even though, the spatial distribution of evaporites and sediments in Lake Magadi area change in response to climate variations, the mineralogy of this area has not been mapped recently. The results of this study shows the usefulness of the hypersspectral remote sensing to map the surface geology of this kind of environment and to locate promising sites for industrial open-pit trona mining in a qualitative and quantitative manner.  相似文献   

珠三角地区地表温度与土地利用类型关系   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

牟雪洁  赵昕奕 《地理研究》2012,31(9):1589-1597

随着城市化进程的加快,城市气候与环境问题日益显现,尤以城市热岛效应最为突出。通过监督分类方法对TM遥感影像进行了土地利用分类,并运用TM热红外波段线性拟合模型进行近地表气温反演,分析城市热岛的空间分布及地域性差异,以及与土地利用类型的关系。结果表明:珠三角地区近地表气温与土地利用类型紧密相关,城市建设区形成高温中心,是热岛的主要贡献因子,植被和水体则有明显的冷岛效应;研究区热岛具有区域性集中与分散分布的特点,且以区域性热岛为中心向周边扩展;分析热岛强度剖面线发现,由于地形、植被覆盖度等因素影响,研究区热岛强度的南北差异较大,而东西差异较小;热岛分布与土地利用类型分布格局较为一致,但也有分布不一致性的区域,表现为城市热岛向非城市建设用地扩展。  相似文献   

鄂陵湖湖滨地区夏季近地层微气象特征与碳通量变化分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李照国  吕世华  奥银焕  王少影 《地理科学进展》2012,31(5):602-608

利用2010年夏季鄂陵湖湖滨地区试验观测资料,从中选取资料较好的5个连续晴天,分析了该地区高寒草甸夏季局地气候、辐射与能量平衡特征以及碳通量的日变化。结果表明：①夏季晴天湖滨地区近地层气象要素受到湖陆风的较大影响,风向昼夜交替变化,垂直风速和摩擦速度明显大于玛曲草原,全天盛行上升气流,昼夜温差较小;②湖滨地区日均太阳总辐射与净辐射高于玛曲草原和金塔绿洲,地表能量不平衡现象较显著,湍流输送以潜热为主,夜间近地层存在明显的逆温和逆湿现象;③夏季湖滨草甸碳吸收的日最大值出现在上午11时前后,碳吸收显著大于碳排放,其水分利用效率与海北草甸生态系统接近,总体偏低。  相似文献   

Geomorphology of coal seam fires     

Claudia Kuenzer  Glenn B. Stracher 《Geomorphology》2012,138(1):209-222

Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features.  相似文献   

北极加拿大海盆2003年和2008年上层海洋热含量的差异分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

钟文理  赵进平 《极地研究》2012,24(1):24-34

主要利用2003年和2008年两次夏季北极科学考察的CTD数据处理了加拿大海盆上层海洋的热含量(这里上层海洋指的是200m以上的海洋),定量分析了热含量随深度的变化,并比较分析了这两年在夏季海冰融化期间热含量的垂向差异变化,以及影响热含量变化的因素,给出了上层海洋热含量在加拿大海盆的空间分布。2008年与2003年相比最显著的变化是在加拿大海盆开阔水域的增加,这将导致太阳辐射能进入海洋中的能量增加,同时海冰的大量融化带来了大量淡水,这些变化改变了上层海洋的温盐性质。海冰大量融化主要产生两个效应：一是上层海洋的普遍增暖,二是太平洋入流水体的下移。文中还分析了近年来在加拿大海盆中变化显著的次表层暖水现象,由于次表层暖水蕴含着不小的热含量,其在上层海洋热量平衡中的作用不容忽视。  相似文献   

Particle transport and distribution on the Mars Science Laboratory mission: Effects of triboelectric charging     

Robert C. Anderson  Gregory H. Peters  Louise Jandura  Kenneth Manatt  Erik Pounders  Dan Sunshine 《Icarus》2009,204(2):545-7971

We report on the nature of fine particle (<150 μm) transport under simulated martian conditions, in order to better understand the Mars Science Laboratory’s (MSL) sample acquisition, processing and handling subsystem (SA/SPaH). We find that triboelectric charging due to particle movement may have to be controlled in order for successful transport of fines that are created within the drill, processed through the Collection and Handling for In situ Martian Rock Analysis (CHIMRA) sample handing system, and delivered to the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) and Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instruments. These fines will be transferred from the surface material to the portioner, a 3 mm diameter, 8 mm deep distribution center where they will drop ∼2 cm to the instrument inlet funnels. In our experiments, movement of different material including terrestrial analogs and martian soil simulants (Mars Mojave Simulant - MMS) resulted in 1-7 nanocoulombs of charge to build up for several different experimental configurations. When this charging phenomenon occurs, several different results are observed including particle clumping, adherence of material on conductive surfaces, or electrostatic repulsion, which causes like-charged particles to move away from each other. This electrostatic repulsion can sort samples based upon differing size fractions, while adhesion causes particles of different sizes to bind into clods. Identifying these electrostatic effects can help us understand potential bias in the analytical instruments and to define the best operational protocols to collect samples on the surface of Mars.  相似文献   

Lunar Prospector measurements of secondary electron emission from lunar regolith     

J.S. Halekas  G.T. Delory  T.J. Stubbs  W.M. Farrell 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(1):78-82

We present the first in situ measurements of the secondary electron emission efficiency of lunar regolith, utilizing Lunar Prospector measurements of secondary electrons emitted from the negatively charged night side and accelerated upward by surface electric fields. By comparing measurements of secondary currents emitted from the surface and incident primary electron currents, we find that the secondary yield of lunar regolith is a factor of ∼3 lower than that measured for samples in the laboratory. This lower yield significantly affects current balance at the lunar surface and the resulting equilibrium surface potentials. This information must be folded into models of the near-surface plasma sheath, in order to predict the effects on dust and other components of the lunar environment, and ultimately determine the importance for surface exploration and scientific investigations on the Moon.  相似文献   

The sensitivity of the next generation of lunar Cherenkov observations to UHE neutrinos and cosmic rays     

C.W. James  R.J. Protheroe   《Astroparticle Physics》2009,30(6):318-332

We present simulation results for the detection of ultra-high energy (UHE) cosmic ray (CR) and neutrino interactions in the Moon by radio-telescopes. We simulate the expected radio signal at Earth from such interactions, expanding on previous work to include interactions in the sub-regolith layer for single dish and multiple telescope systems. For previous experiments at Parkes, Goldstone (GLUE), and Kalyazin we recalculate the sensitivity to an isotropic flux of UHE neutrinos. We find the published sensitivity for the GLUE experiment to be too high (too optimistic) by an order of magnitude, and consequently the GLUE limit to be too low by an order of magnitude. Our predicted sensitivity for future experiments using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) indicate these instruments will be able to detect the more optimistic UHE neutrino flux predictions, while the square kilometre array (SKA) will also be sensitive to all bar one prediction of a diffuse ‘cosmogenic’, or ‘GZK’, neutrino flux.Outstanding theoretical uncertainties at both high-frequency and low-frequency limits currently prevent a reliable estimate of the sensitivity of the lunar Cherenkov technique for UHE cosmic ray (CR) astronomy. Here, we place limits on the effects of large-scale surface roughness on UHE CR detection, and find that when near-surface ‘formation-zone’ effects are ignored, the proposed SKA low-frequency aperture array could detect CR events above 56 EeV at a rate between 15 and 40 times that of the current Pierre Auger Observatory. Should further work indicate that formation-zone effects have little impact on UHE CR sensitivity, observations of the Moon with the SKA would allow directional analysis of UHE cosmic rays, and investigation of correlations with putative cosmic ray source populations, to be conducted with very high statistics.  相似文献   

离子迁移谱现场观测渤海和北黄海二甲基硫的研究     

彭丽英  郭雨  娄婷婷  崔旭东  张桂成  傅晓婷  谷挺  马兴  孙军 《海洋学报》2022,44(1):1-10

渤海、黄海是高产二甲基硫(Dimethyl Sulfide,DMS)的大陆架海区.该海区DMS的现场调查研究有助于准确评估海洋DMS释放量及其对全球气候变化的负反馈作用.目前,无论是基于模型还是直接测量法的通量估算均以表层海水或低层大气DMS浓度为基础,因此,先进的检测技术对其通量估算的准确度具有决定性作用.气相色谱法...  相似文献   

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER^*          下载免费PDF全文

LIU Shuhu  WEN Pinghui  ZHANG Yunyan  HONG Zhongxiang  HU Fei  LIU Huizhi 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2002,16(4):451-469

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.  相似文献